Psychedelic-assisted therapy involves the use of psychedelics in conjunction with psychotherapy to help heal mental health conditions. This approach seeks to enhance therapeutic outcomes by facilitating altered states of consciousness that support deep introspection, emotional processing, and behavioral transformation.
These drugs were widely studied for therapy in the 1960s, but research was halted after their criminalization in 1968. However, since the early 2000s, there has been a revival in psychedelic research, and 2024 has been a landmark year for advancing this industry.
This year, Australia opened its first legal treatment center offering psilocybin and MDMA therapies, setting a global precedent. In America, Oregon’s legal psilocybin therapy program became fully operational, while the approval of MDMA therapy got rejected on a federal level, sparking debate into psychedelic policy and necessary research hurdles.
Across the Atlantic, Europe’s largest psychedelic research conference, ICPR, showcased a new generation of leaders in the field, while clinical psychedelic initiatives were established in the UK and beyond.
In this round-up, we’ll be highlighting some of the key psychedelic research studies from 2024, paving the way for potential use of psychedelics in mainstream psychiatry.
Psilocybin
Psilocybin, the active ingredient in magic mushrooms, has been the most widely studied psychedelic since the early 2000s. Numerous studies show psilocybin can reduce symptoms in people with treatment-resistant mental health disorders, and the drug has been legalized for therapeutic use in Australia, Oregon, and Colorado.
This year, researchers from the University of Maryland published the first clinical trial on psilocybin therapy for bipolar type 2 in JAMA Psychiatry. The study found that a single dose of psilocybin, combined with therapy, significantly reduced symptoms of depression and mood instability in patients with treatment-resistant bipolar, with benefits lasting up to 12 weeks.
In another JAMA study, researchers explored psilocybin’s potential to alleviate depression linked to burnout in frontline workers. This randomized clinical trial involved 30 clinicians and showed a significant reduction in depression symptoms from baseline to 28 days after a single psilocybin dose.
Researchers have also been exploring new models of psilocybin therapy this year. While the typical model of psilocybin therapy involves a patient with one or two guides, researchers showed that psilocybin-assisted group therapy had major clinical benefits for people with cancer-related anxiety and depression.
LSD
In the 1960s, LSD was a focal point of psychedelic research, and thousands of studies have been carried out since the drug’s discovery. In recent times, LSD has been of less interest, likely due to its long-lasting effects. However, the New York-based biotech company MindMed is reigniting interest through the development of an LSD-inspired molecule called MM-120, specifically designed for therapeutic use.
This year, the company demonstrated that MM-120 could significantly reduce symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) for up to 12 weeks after treatment. As a result, the FDA granted MM-120 breakthrough therapy status, accelerating the development of this potentially transformative drug.
Ibogaine
Ibogaine is a lesser-known psychedelic derived from the iboga tree native to West Africa. However, it’s gaining recognition in clinical research, particularly in treating opioid addiction.
This year, a study from the University of the Witwatersrand found ibogaine helped restore damaged brain tissue caused by chronic morphine use in rats. This regenerative property has led to ibogaine being explored to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other neurological disorders caused by the deterioration of nerve cells.
In a study in Nature, 30 Special Operations Forces with TBI were treated with ibogaine and magnesium. One month after treatment, they showed significant improvements in their cognitive functioning as well as symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety.
Ibogaine could also be a promising pain-relieving medication. A study from Columbia University found that oxa-noribogaine, an ibogaine analog, effectively reduced pain in animals without causing addictive behaviors or the side effects associated with ibogaine.
Mescaline
Mescaline is the active ingredient in the Peyote cactus used by the Native American Church. Since the 1980s, mescaline has been mostly absent from clinical research. However, this year, the University Hospital, Basel published the first modern clinical study on mescaline, examining the drug’s effects on healthy volunteers.
They showed mescaline could foster ego dissolution, feelings of bliss, and increased insight, which are strong predictors of having positive therapeutic outcomes in psychedelic therapy.
MDMA
MDMA, otherwise known as “ecstasy,” has become a big focus in psychedelic research because of its ability to help people feel more open and less fearful, which is particularly useful for treating PTSD. Studies have shown that MDMA-assisted therapy can offer long-lasting relief, especially for those who haven’t responded well to traditional treatments.
MDMA therapy was predicted to be legalized for PTSD treatment in 2024. However, the FDA rejected the approval of MDMA because of concerns that there was insufficient data about the drug’s safety and efficacy.
Research into the drug has continued nonetheless, and a first-of-its-kind study from the University of Basel investigated the different effects of MDMA’s compounds in humans. They showed that R-MDMA generally had fewer side effects in healthy volunteers than its S-MDMA counterpart, suggesting it could be a safer therapeutic version.
Ketamine
Ketamine is a non-classic psychedelic but has dissociative effects that can induce an altered state of consciousness. Because ketamine is medically licensed for its use in anesthesia, it can be legally accessed as an “off-label” treatment for mental health disorders.
This availability has seen a massively growing popularity in ketamine therapies, and according to an industry report, the intravenous (IV) ketamine market made a turnover of US $ 75 billion in 2024.
This year, MindBloom, a leading ketamine telehealth provider, analyzed outcomes from their clients in the largest ketamine mental health study to date. Of the 11,441 participating Mindbloom clients, 62% reported clinically significant improvements in their depression and anxiety, and 28% achieved remission.
Another analysis of real-world patient data showed IV ketamine could rapidly reduce suicide risk in people with suicidal ideation, measured by a significant decrease in suicidal and depressive symptoms after a single infusion of the drug.
Various forms of ketamine have also been studied, with a recent trial highlighting the effectiveness of new extended-release tablets for treating treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In the study, over 200 TRD patients participated, and the results showed clinically significant improvements in depressive symptoms by the end of the trial.
What Does the Future of Psychedelics Hold?
The future of psychedelic therapy looks bright, with ongoing research revealing their potential to treat tough mental health conditions. As more countries and organizations explore these treatments, psychedelics could soon become a key part of mainstream mental health care, offering new hope to those who need it most.
However, it appears we still need much more research to fully understand the long-term safety of psychedelics and the best ways to implement their use.